Stained-glass Windows in the Corpus Christi Church in Kazimierz: Jagiellonian Donation?
Dobrosława Horzela
horzela@poczta.fmInstytut Historii Sztuki, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków (Poland)
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7040-4030
Abstract
The stained-glass that is now found in window sIV of the gallery of the Corpus Christi Church in Kraków’s Kazimierz is merely a small fragment preserved from the glazing of the nine three-partite and originally 23-rowed windows of the chancel, as well as of the body and chapels of the church which was most likely funded by Casimir the Great as a parish church of the town of Kazimierz granted its privileges in 1335. The set is not homogenous as for style and time of creation; it is divided into six groups testifying to about a 100-years’s time span of the church’s glazing process (ca. 1380-1480). From its first stage, executed in the 1380s, only one panel has been preserved, this featuring the Man of Sorrows and illustrating the Church’s dedication. Originally it had been most likely placed in the eastern window (I) of the gallery. The new glazing of Window I was executed in the early 15th century, seemingly for no practical reason.
The eastern window (I) was filled with a multi-panel cycle dedicated to the life of Jesus and Mary, made up of narrative scenes either composed each separately within the whole space of the rectangular panel, or within a larger number of panels: three or even six. The element connecting the scenes taking place in the upper window section is to be found in the painted architecture, filling several of the upper rows. Kraków had not seen similar monumental solutions. The thriving of such glazing is associated with Austria where similar cycles were executed in the last decade of the 15th century in e.g. Habsburg Ducal Workshop (Herzogswerkstatt)
In relatively scarce literature on the subject, the Bohemian-Silesian artistic provenance of the stained glass was attempted, dating it to the third decade of the 15th century. Such conclusions resulted from the assumption that the artistic genesis of the stained-glass window workshops was conditioned by the provenance of Canons Regular brought by Ladislaus Jagiełło from Kłodzko in 1405. Indeed, the Kraków workshop applied the figure cannon and robe draping shaped within the circle of the Prague art in the 3rd and 4th quarters of the 14th century. This does not, however, satisfactorily explain the genesis of its style, since in the early 15th century numerous elements of the language of forms were a shared commodity of the majority of important urban centres throughout Eastern Europe. What is of greater importance for the identification of the artistic circle from which the stained glass painter came are those style elements which exceed the conventions shared by an extensive territory and time span. In my view, the stained glass style stems from Bohemian art, but it was re-edited by stained glass workshops active in the first two decades of the 15th century in Austria, first of all in Styria. The fact that the author was familiar with glazing from that area is testified to by both the window’s composition and a number of formal and iconographic motifs. As for the style, the Małopolska stained glass is close first of all to the works created in Styria, and precisely in the workshop (and the circle) of the painter defined in sources as pictor Johannes, who in 1406 received payment for the stained glass in the chapel of the Holy Cross of the Benedictine Abbey in Rein. It is in the sets attributed to him that the source of the architectural compositions and painterly techniques can be found (linearism, weak indecisive hatching, limited washing). A characteristic exaggeration of facial features and figure expression can, in turn, be found in the works more loosely associated with Master John, and dated to the 2nd decade of the 15th century.
The choice of the workshop representing the Habsburg style modus does not seem accidental. It may point out to the fact that the stained glass windows were donated by the Jagiellons, while the very idea to finance them, and to bring the Styria workshop to Krakow resulted from court contacts. In 1412, Cymburgis of Masovia (daughter of Siemowit IV and Alexandra sister of Ladislaus Jagiełło) was married to Ernest the Iron, ruler of Styria. The marriage was actually concluded as part of the building of the coalition against Sigismund of Luxembourg. Having no heir, Jagiełło is said to have initially considered Ernest, whom he called ‘dearest friend’, as the candidate to the throne. The donation activity of the husband of Cymburgis in stained glass (the above-mentioned stained glass in Rein or the glazing in the Wiener Neustadt residence) could have served as models for the Jagiellons and facilitated the choice of the artists.
The initiative may have been connected with Queen Anne of Cilli whose donations to the Church have been documented. The marriage of Ladislaus Jagiełło to Anna, granddaughter of Casimir the Great, was an element of the political plan conceived after the unexpected death of Hedwig of Poland in 1399, the rightful heir to the throne of the Piast Dynasty. It was to consolidate Jagiełło’s right to the crown, so the arrival of Anne in Kraków was compared for propaganda reasons to the return of the eagle to its nest. The consolidation of the King’s position as the natural successor to the Piast Dynasty was boosted by numerous image undertakings, such as the donation of Byzantine- Ruthenian paintings to major churches and chapels, also those raised by Casimir the Great. Among them of major importance are the paintings in the Sandomierz Collegiate Church; their element is the heralding frieze containing the coat of arms of Anne of Cilli. The introduction of this coat of arms served to present the resumed dynastic continuity, and may have pointed out to the role of the Queen in this funding.
The stained glass of Window I in the Kazimierz Parish Church funded by Casimir the Great was created, as I believe, for the very same reason. Anne as the benefactor of the Church of Corpus Christi, was inscribing herself in the work of her grandfather Casimir the Great, founder of the church and of the town. This would explain the decision to change the relatively recently executed décor of the eastern window, undertaken at the time when the Canons were involved in the construction of the monastery, while the church itself was not as yet finished. At the time, the decision did not have a practical justification; instead, it implied substantial, though not necessarily essential expenditure, and a logistical inconvenience. It could have been made on a specific wish of the founder of the royal stature who, not being satisfied with one of the lateral windows, desired to glaze the one that was ideologically most important, and most prestigious, while also the best visible at the same time. If the glazing of window I in the Corpus Christi Church is to be associated with Anne’s initiative, it should be dated to before 1416, as that very year Anne passed away. Such dating fully harmonizes with the style analysis.
Supporting Agencies
Keywords:
medieval stained glass, Corpus Christi Church in Cracow, Canons Regular, Anne of Cilli, Ladislaus JagiełłoReferences
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Authors
Dobrosława Horzelahorzela@poczta.fm
Instytut Historii Sztuki, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków Poland
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7040-4030
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